Delegation

Delegations allow an agent owner to grant specific permissions to other wallets. A delegate can update metadata, submit feedback, spend tokens, or manage services on behalf of the agent — scoped by fine-grained permissions and constraints. Delegations also power x402 budget-based payments. By combining an on-chain delegation with an SPL Token approve, users can authorize autonomous spending without signing each transaction.

Delegation PDA

Seeds: [b"delegation", delegator.as_ref(), delegate.as_ref(), delegation_id.to_le_bytes()]

Field	Type	Description
`delegation_id`	`u64`	Unique ID from the agent’s `delegation_count` counter.
`delegator`	`Pubkey`	Wallet granting permissions.
`delegate`	`Pubkey`	Wallet receiving permissions.
`nft_mint`	`Pubkey`	Agent context (NFT mint).
`owner_version`	`u64`	Stored at creation, verified at use. Mismatches invalidate the delegation.
`can_transact`	`bool`	Spend tokens on behalf of the agent.
`can_give_feedback`	`bool`	Submit feedback as the agent.
`can_update_metadata`	`bool`	Update agent metadata URI and hash.
`can_update_pricing`	`bool`	Change payment requirements.
`can_register_services`	`bool`	Add, update, or remove services.
`can_manage`	`bool`	All permissions except transferring ownership.
`can_redelegate`	`bool`	Create sub-delegations.
`max_spend_per_tx`	`u64`	Maximum tokens per transaction. 0 = no limit.
`max_spend_total`	`u64`	Maximum cumulative tokens. 0 = no limit.
`spent_total`	`u64`	Running total of tokens spent via this delegation.
`allowed_tokens`	`Vec<Pubkey>` (max 5)	Allowed token mints. Empty = all tokens allowed.
`allowed_programs`	`Vec<Pubkey>` (max 5)	Allowed CPI targets. Empty = all programs. Reserved for future use.
`expires_at`	`i64`	Unix timestamp expiry. 0 = no expiry.
`uses_remaining`	`u64`	Remaining uses. 0 = unlimited.
`total_uses`	`u64`	Total uses so far.
`active`	`bool`	Whether the delegation is active.
`parent_delegation`	`Option<Pubkey>`	If this is a sub-delegation, points to the parent Delegation PDA.
`depth`	`u8`	Delegation depth. 0 = direct from owner, 1 = sub, 2 = sub-sub.
`created_at`	`i64`	Unix timestamp.
`revoked_at`	`Option<i64>`	Timestamp of revocation, if revoked.
`bump`	`u8`	PDA bump seed.

Permission flags

Seven boolean flags control what a delegate can do:

Permission	Description
`can_transact`	Spend tokens on behalf of the agent (used for x402 settlements).
`can_give_feedback`	Submit feedback as the agent.
`can_update_metadata`	Update the agent’s metadata URI and hash.
`can_update_pricing`	Modify payment requirements for services.
`can_register_services`	Add, update, or remove service endpoints.
`can_manage`	Grants all permissions except NFT transfer. A shorthand for full control.
`can_redelegate`	Create sub-delegations (required for delegation chaining).

Constraints

Constraints limit what a delegate can do even when they have the right permission:

Constraint	Type	Description
`max_spend_per_tx`	`u64`	Per-transaction spending cap. 0 = unlimited.
`max_spend_total`	`u64`	Cumulative spending cap. 0 = unlimited.
`allowed_tokens`	`Vec<Pubkey>`	Whitelist of token mints. Empty = all allowed. Max 5.
`allowed_programs`	`Vec<Pubkey>`	Whitelist of CPI targets. Empty = all allowed. Max 5.
`expires_at`	`i64`	Unix timestamp after which the delegation is invalid. 0 = no expiry.
`uses_remaining`	`u64`	Number of remaining uses before the delegation expires. 0 = unlimited.

Zero values mean “no limit” for all constraint fields. Setting max_spend_per_tx = 0 means there is no per-transaction cap, not that the delegate cannot spend.

Delegation depth

Delegations support up to 3 levels of chaining:

Depth	Relationship
0	Owner delegates to a wallet.
1	That wallet sub-delegates to another wallet.
2	The sub-delegate creates a sub-sub-delegation (maximum depth).

When creating a sub-delegation, the program enforces that the child’s constraints are a subset of the parent’s:

max_spend_total cannot exceed the parent’s remaining budget (parent.max_spend_total - parent.spent_total).
expires_at cannot be later than the parent’s expiry.
allowed_tokens must be a subset of the parent’s allowed tokens.
allowed_programs must be a subset of the parent’s allowed programs.
Permissions must be a subset of the parent’s permissions.

The maximum depth value is 2, meaning 3 total levels (owner, delegate, sub-delegate). Attempting to create a delegation at depth 3 or greater will fail with MaxDelegationDepthExceeded.

Cascading invalidation via owner_version

When an agent NFT is transferred and claim_agent is called, the owner_version on the AgentIdentity increments. Every delegation stores the owner_version at creation time. At use time, the program checks:

delegation.owner_version == agent.owner_version

If the values do not match, the delegation is rejected. This provides instant, zero-cost invalidation of all delegations when an agent changes hands — no need to iterate and revoke each one individually. Sub-delegations are also invalidated because the parent delegation (which they verify at use time) fails the owner_version check.

DelegationBuilder fluent API

The SDK provides a builder pattern for constructing delegations:

import { DelegationBuilder } from "@x84-ai/sdk";

const { instruction, delegationPda, delegationId } = await new DelegationBuilder()
  .transact()
  .feedback()
  .metadata()
  .spendLimit(new BN(1_000_000), new BN(10_000_000)) // per-tx, total
  .tokens([usdcMint])
  .expiry(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 86400) // 24 hours
  .uses(100)
  .build(program, delegatorPubkey, delegatePubkey, nftMint);
// Signer: delegatorKeypair

Permission methods

Method	Sets
`.transact()`	`can_transact = true`
`.feedback()`	`can_give_feedback = true`
`.metadata()`	`can_update_metadata = true`
`.pricing()`	`can_update_pricing = true`
`.services()`	`can_register_services = true`
`.manage()`	`can_manage = true`
`.redelegate()`	`can_redelegate = true`
`.allPermissions()`	All flags set to `true`.

Constraint methods

Method	Sets
`.spendLimit(perTx, total)`	`max_spend_per_tx` and `max_spend_total`
`.tokens(mints[])`	`allowed_tokens`
`.programs(ids[])`	`allowed_programs`
`.expiry(unix)`	`expires_at`
`.uses(count)`	`uses_remaining`
`.parent(delegationPda)`	`parent_delegation` (for sub-delegations)

x402 budget integration

Delegations power budget-based x402 payments. Instead of signing every payment transaction, a user sets up a spending budget once and the x84 facilitator auto-debits within the budget constraints.

Create delegation and SPL approve in one transaction

The user signs a single transaction containing two instructions:

spl_token::approve — authorizes the x84 facilitator wallet as delegate on the user’s token account (ATA), with an amount matching max_spend_total.
x84::create_delegation — creates the on-chain delegation with can_transact = true and desired constraints.

import { createApproveInstruction } from "@solana/spl-token";
import { DelegationBuilder } from "@x84-ai/sdk";

// 1. SPL Token approve
const approveIx = createApproveInstruction(
  payerAta,
  facilitatorPubkey,
  payerPubkey,
  10_000_000 // 10 USDC budget
);

// 2. x84 delegation
const { instruction: delegationIx } = await new DelegationBuilder()
  .transact()
  .spendLimit(new BN(1_000_000), new BN(10_000_000))
  .tokens([usdcMint])
  .expiry(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 86400 * 30) // 30 days
  .build(program, payerPubkey, facilitatorPubkey, nftMint);

// Bundle into one transaction
const tx = new Transaction().add(approveIx, delegationIx);

Facilitator auto-debits on each request

When the user calls an x402-gated agent endpoint, the x402 gate reads the X-DELEGATION header, loads the Delegation PDA, verifies all constraints, and uses the SPL Token delegate authority to transfer tokens from the user’s ATA. No per-request signature is needed.

Spent tracking

Each delegated settlement updates delegation.spent_total on-chain, providing a full audit trail of cumulative spending per delegation.

Revocation

import { revokeDelegation } from "@x84-ai/sdk";

await revokeDelegation(program, {
  caller: delegatorPubkey, // delegator or agent owner
  nftMint: agentId,
  delegationPda: delegationPda,
});

A single revocation transaction can invalidate both the on-chain delegation and the SPL Token approve. The delegator or the agent owner can revoke at any time. Sub-delegations that reference a revoked parent become invalid at use time — the program checks the parent’s active status during verification.

Delegation verification checks (full list)

When a delegate attempts to use their delegation, the program runs these checks in order:

delegation.active == true
delegation.delegate == caller
delegation.nft_mint == agent.nft_mint
delegation.owner_version == agent.owner_version
Expiry: delegation.expires_at == 0 or delegation.expires_at > now
Uses: delegation.uses_remaining == 0 or delegation.uses_remaining > 0
Required permission flag is set
If spending: amount <= max_spend_per_tx and spent_total + amount <= max_spend_total
If token specified: allowed_tokens is empty or contains the token mint
If program specified: allowed_programs is empty or contains the program ID
If parent_delegation is set: recursively verify the parent (max depth ensures termination)

Getting started

Protocol

Infrastructure

Delegation PDA

Permission flags

Constraints

Delegation depth

Cascading invalidation via owner_version

DelegationBuilder fluent API

Permission methods

Constraint methods

x402 budget integration

Revocation

Getting started

Protocol

Infrastructure

​Delegation PDA

​Permission flags

​Constraints

​Delegation depth

​Cascading invalidation via owner_version

​DelegationBuilder fluent API

​Permission methods

​Constraint methods

​x402 budget integration

​Revocation

Delegation PDA

Permission flags

Constraints

Delegation depth

Cascading invalidation via owner_version

DelegationBuilder fluent API

Permission methods

Constraint methods

x402 budget integration

Revocation